Observation of Hydrilla Plant X100 under a microscope
Observation of Hydrilla Plant X400
Wednesday, 29 August 2012
Microscope view of Hydrilla Cells
Observation of Hydrilla Plant X40 under a microscope
Observation of Hydrilla Plant X100 under a microscope
Observation of Hydrilla Plant X400
Observation of Hydrilla Plant X100 under a microscope
Observation of Hydrilla Plant X400
Cell Structures
Typical model of an animal Cell:
Typical model of a Plant Cell:
Organelles in cells:
Cell Wall
o
Found in plant cells and bacteria
o
Surrounds the cell membrane
o
Rigid structures that maintain the shape, supports and
protects cells
o
Fully permeable
Cell Membrane
o
Partially/selectively permeable
Nucleus
o
Contains chromatins that control cell activities
o
Chromatin contain DNA, genetic material
o
DNA contains instructions for traits and characteristics and to
carry out the cell’s function
o
Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane
Cytoplasm
o
Gel-like mixture
o
Surrounded by cell membrane
o
Contains organelles
Mitochondria
o
“Powerhouse” of the cell
o
Food we eat is transformed into energy (ATP) for the cell and
our bodies.
Endoplasmic reticulum
o
Involved in synthesis of proteins, fats and steroids (e.g.
cholesterol)
o
Transports materials around in cell.
o
Smooth type: lacks ribosomes
o
Rough type: ribosomes embedded in surface
o
Allows protein to assume correct form/shape
Ribosomes
o
Each cell contains thousands
o
Make/forms proteins using instructions from chromatin.
o
Found on ER and floating throughout the cell.
Golgi Bodies
o
Works closely with ER.
o
Processes and packages complex molecules like proteins an fat
by the cell.
o
Brings these products to the surface of the cell where they
can be secreted.
o
Other secretions include hormones, antibodies and enzymes.
Lysosomes
o
Contains digestive enzymes
o
Digests excess/worn-out organelles, food particles and engulf
bacteria or viruses.
o
Also helps repair worn-out plasma membrane
o
Provides sugars, amino acids, and bases which are the
foundation of macromolecules
o
Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes.
Vacuoles
o
Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion and water removal
(multi-purpose)
o
Animal cells- many vacuoles, small
o
Central, large vacuoles help plants maintain shape.
o
Food vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis.
o
Contractile vacuoles (formed in freshwater protists) pump
excess water out of the cell.
Chloroplast
o
Usually found in plant cells
o
Contains green chlorophyll
o
Where photosynthesis takes place
o
Converts light energy into chemical energy in glucose.
Wednesday, 8 August 2012
Cells- Introduction
Cell Theory:
·
All living things are made of
cells.
·
Cells are the smallest working units
of all living things.
·
All cells come from
pre-existing cells through cell division.
Definition of Cell: A cell is the smallest
unit that is capable of performing life functions.
Examples of Cells: Amoeba proteus, Red Blood
Cell, Bacteria, Nerve Cell
Two types of cells:
·
Prokaryotic
·
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
·
Do not have organelles
(specialized structure in cells) surrounded by membranes
·
Few internal structures
·
One-celled organisms (eg.
bacteria)
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic
·
Contain organelles surrounded
by membranes
·
Most living organisms (eg.
Plant, Animals, Fungi)
Thursday, 2 August 2012
Classification: How?
Standardised naming:
- Binomial Nomenclature used
- Genus Species – Turdus migratorius (Common Name-American Robin)
- Latin or Greek
- Italicized in print
- Capitalize genus, NOT species
- Underline when writing
Taxon:
-
Taxon (Taxa-plural) is a category into which related
organisms are placed.
-
There is a hierarchy of taxa from broadest to most specific.
-
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species
-
Domains
-
Broadest, most inclusive taxon
-
3 Domains- Archaeea, Eubacteria (unicellular prokaryotes: no nucleus or
membrane-bound organelles), Eukarya
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